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IP 路由基础

路由

路由：指导报文转发的路径信息，通过路由可以确认 IP 报文的转发路径.

路由表：路由信息库 (RIB)

每台路由器都维护着一张全局路由表，另外路由器所运行的每种路由协议也维护着自己的路由表.

路由器可以通过多种途径获取路由信息，获取的路由信息会先存储在协议自己的路由表中，然后路由器根据协议的优先级等信息来进行路由优选，并将优选路由加载到全局路由表中.

转发表：转发信息库 (FIB)

数据包根据路由转发需要下一跳地址和出接口.

如果路由表中有匹配的路由条目，则根据条目中的出接口或下一跳信息进行报文转发.

如果路由表内没有该路由信息，则丢弃数据包.

路由表字段内容

[R1]display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 4        Routes : 4        

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

[R1]

Destination/Mask: 目的和掩码.

Protocol: 该路由通过哪种方式学习到的.

Preference: 优先级，当路由器通过不同方式学习到相同的路由时，会比较不同协议之间的优先级，优先级数值越小，优先级越高.

Cost: 开销，到达目的网段所花费的开销，路由信息通过不同的方式学习到的路由，对于开销的计算方式也不同，不同协议之间的开销没有可比性，数据越小越优先.

Flags: 标记，标明当前路由的状态.

  • D: 已经将该路由条目下载到转发表中.
  • R: 迭代出的路由.

NextHop: 下一跳，标明数据从设备出发后，应交给下一台哪个设备.

Interface: 标明数据从该设备的哪个接口发送出去.

路由表的构建方式 (学习到路由的方式)

1. 直连路由 (direct): 路由器直接相连的网络。优先级 0.

  • 1. 路由器的接口正确的配置了 IP 地址.
  • 2. 接口的物理层状态为 UP.

2. 静态路由 (static): 由管理员手工添加的路由信息。优先级 60.

  • 1. 下一跳必须可达 (或出接口状态必须 UP).
  • 2. 没有优先级更高的路由.

3. 动态路由：路由器通过动态路由协议自动计算得到的路由。可以根据网络变化自动的进行路由表的改变.

动态路由协议: OSPF, RIP, IS-IS, BGP.

OSPF 优先级: 10 或 150, 协议号 89.

RIP 优先级: 100, 端口号 520.

路由选路原则

1. 如果一条路由是当前去往目的地的唯一路径信息，则直接优选.

1.5. 最长掩码匹配原则.

2. 比较优先级，不同的协议拥有不同的优先级，优先级数据越小越优.

3. 比较路由开销，越小越优.

4. 如果以上信息无法确定最优路径，则会进行负载分担.

最长掩码匹配原则：如果路由表中有两条目的网段相同的路由条目，掩码越长 (所匹配的越多), 表示网段越精准，所以掩码越长越优.

目的地: 192.168.1.1

路径:

192.168.1.0/24

192.168.1.0/16

192.168.1.0/29 (v)

20.1.0.0/16 OSPF 10 200 (v)

20.1.0.0/14 RIP 100 3

静态路由

静态路由网络管理员手动配置，配置方便，对系统要求低，适用于拓扑结构简单并且稳定的小型网络.

缺点是不能自动适应网络拓扑的变化需要人工干预.

静态路必须由网络管理员手动添加，适用于小型网络或网络结构相对稳定的网络。当网络拓扑发生改变时需要管理员手动进行调整.

静态路由

R1
<Huawei>sy
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei] sy R1
[R1]int g0/0/0
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 192.168.1.254 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]int g0/0/1
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 12.1.1.1 24
[R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[R1]display ip interface brief 
*down: administratively down
^down: standby
(l): loopback
(s): spoofing
The number of interface that is UP in Physical is 3
The number of interface that is DOWN in Physical is 1
The number of interface that is UP in Protocol is 3
The number of interface that is DOWN in Protocol is 1

Interface                         IP Address/Mask      Physical   Protocol  
GigabitEthernet0/0/0              192.168.1.254/24     up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/1              12.1.1.1/24          up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/2              unassigned           down       down      
NULL0                             unassigned           up         up(s)     
[R1]display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 10       Routes : 10       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       12.1.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   12.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/1
       12.1.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
     12.1.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.1.254   GigabitEthernet0/0/0
  192.168.1.254/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
  192.168.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
[R1]ip route-static ?
  IP_ADDR<X.X.X.X>    Destination IP address
  default-preference  Preference-value for IPv4 static-routes
  selection-rule      Selection rule
  vpn-instance        VPN-Instance route information
[R1]ip route-static 192.168.2.0 ?
  INTEGER<0-32>     Length of IP address mask
  IP_ADDR<X.X.X.X>  IP address mask
[R1]ip route-static 192.168.2.0 24 ?
  IP_ADDR<X.X.X.X>  Gateway address
  Cellular          Cellular interface
  GigabitEthernet   GigabitEthernet interface
  NULL              NULL interface
  vpn-instance      Destination VPN-Instance for Gateway address
[R1]ip route-static 192.168.2.0 24 12.1.1.2
[R1]dis th
[V200R003C00]
#
 sysname R1
#
 snmp-agent local-engineid 800007DB03000000000000
 snmp-agent 
#
 clock timezone China-Standard-Time minus 08:00:00
#
portal local-server load portalpage.zip
#
 drop illegal-mac alarm
#
 set cpu-usage threshold 80 restore 75
#
ip route-static 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 12.1.1.2
#
return
[R1]
R2
<Huawei>sy
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]sy R2
[R2]int g0/0/1
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 192.168.2.254 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]int g0/0/0
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 12.1.1.2 24
[R2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]dis ip int br
*down: administratively down
^down: standby
(l): loopback
(s): spoofing
The number of interface that is UP in Physical is 3
The number of interface that is DOWN in Physical is 1
The number of interface that is UP in Protocol is 3
The number of interface that is DOWN in Protocol is 1

Interface                         IP Address/Mask      Physical   Protocol  
GigabitEthernet0/0/0              12.1.1.2/24          up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/1              192.168.2.254/24     up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/2              unassigned           down       down      
NULL0                             unassigned           up         up(s)     
[R2]ip route-static 192.168.1.0 24 12.1.1.1
[R2]dis th
[V200R003C00]
#
 sysname R2
#
 snmp-agent local-engineid 800007DB03000000000000
 snmp-agent 
#
 clock timezone China-Standard-Time minus 08:00:00
#
portal local-server load portalpage.zip
#
 drop illegal-mac alarm
#
 set cpu-usage threshold 80 restore 75
#
ip route-static 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 12.1.1.1
#
return
[R2]

等价路由

具有相同的网络和掩码，优先级以及开销值，路由器认为多条路由完全等价，则会将多条路由加入到路由表中，实现负载均衡.

浮动路由

在配置路由时，使其中一条路由优先级高于其他路由，从而实现路由的备份，主路由失效的情况下，路由器会将备份路由添加到路由表中.

[R6]ip route-static 192.168.3.0 24 41.1.1.1 preference 70

浮动路由

R5
<R5>sy
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[R5]
[R5]
[R5]int g4/0/0
[R5-GigabitEthernet4/0/0]ip add 41.1.1.1 24
Dec 21 2023 09:33:38-08:00 R5 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet4/0/0 has entered the UP state. 
[R5-GigabitEthernet4/0/0]q
[R5]ip rou    
[R5]ip route-s    
[R5]ip route-static 192.168.4.0 24 41.1.1.2
[R5]dis ip rou    
[R5]dis ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 20       Routes : 21       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       12.1.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   13.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       13.1.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   13.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       13.1.1.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
     13.1.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       14.1.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   14.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/1
       14.1.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
     14.1.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
       41.1.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   41.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet4/0/0
       41.1.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet4/0/0
     41.1.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet4/0/0
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   13.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    192.168.2.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   13.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    192.168.3.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.3.254   GigabitEthernet0/0/2
  192.168.3.254/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/2
  192.168.3.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/2
    192.168.4.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   14.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet0/0/1
                    Static  60   0          RD   41.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet4/0/0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0


[R5]ip route-static 192.168.4.0 24 41.1.1.2 preference 40
Info: Succeeded in modifying route.
[R5]dis ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 20       Routes : 20       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       12.1.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   13.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       13.1.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   13.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       13.1.1.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
     13.1.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       14.1.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   14.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/1
       14.1.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
     14.1.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
       41.1.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   41.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet4/0/0
       41.1.1.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet4/0/0
     41.1.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet4/0/0
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   13.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    192.168.2.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   13.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    192.168.3.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.3.254   GigabitEthernet0/0/2
  192.168.3.254/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/2
  192.168.3.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/2
    192.168.4.0/24  Static  40   0          RD   41.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet4/0/0
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

[R5]

R6
<R6>sy
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[R6]int g4/0/0
[R6-GigabitEthernet4/0/0]ip add 41.1.1.2 24
Dec 21 2023 09:34:36-08:00 R6 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[0]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet4/0/0 has entered the UP state. 
[R6-GigabitEthernet4/0/0]q    
[R6]ip route-static 192.168.3.0 24 41.1.1.1
[R6]display ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 18       Routes : 19       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       12.1.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   14.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       13.1.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   14.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       14.1.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   14.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       14.1.1.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
     14.1.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       41.1.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   41.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet4/0/0
       41.1.1.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet4/0/0
     41.1.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet4/0/0
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   14.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    192.168.2.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   14.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    192.168.3.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   14.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
                    Static  60   0          RD   41.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet4/0/0
    192.168.4.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.4.254   GigabitEthernet0/0/1
  192.168.4.254/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
  192.168.4.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

[R6]ip route-static 192.168.3.0 24 41.1.1.1 preference 70
Info: Succeeded in modifying route.
[R6]display ip routing-table
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 18       Routes : 18       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       12.1.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   14.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       13.1.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   14.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       14.1.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   14.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       14.1.1.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
     14.1.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/0
       41.1.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   41.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet4/0/0
       41.1.1.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet4/0/0
     41.1.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet4/0/0
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.1.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   14.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    192.168.2.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   14.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    192.168.3.0/24  Static  60   0          RD   14.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet0/0/0
    192.168.4.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.4.254   GigabitEthernet0/0/1
  192.168.4.254/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
  192.168.4.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

[R6]int g0/0/0
[R6-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]shutdown
Dec 21 2023 09:45:33-08:00 R6 %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[1]:Interface GigabitEthern
et0/0/0 has turned into DOWN state.
[R6-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
Dec 21 2023 09:45:33-08:00 R6 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[2]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the DOWN state. 
[R6-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]disp ip routing-table 
Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Routing Tables: Public
         Destinations : 11       Routes : 11       

Destination/Mask    Proto   Pre  Cost      Flags NextHop         Interface

       41.1.1.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   41.1.1.2        GigabitEthernet4/0/0
       41.1.1.2/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet4/0/0
     41.1.1.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet4/0/0
      127.0.0.0/8   Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
      127.0.0.1/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
127.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0
    192.168.3.0/24  Static  70   0          RD   41.1.1.1        GigabitEthernet4/0/0
    192.168.4.0/24  Direct  0    0           D   192.168.4.254   GigabitEthernet0/0/1
  192.168.4.254/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
  192.168.4.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       GigabitEthernet0/0/1
255.255.255.255/32  Direct  0    0           D   127.0.0.1       InLoopBack0

[R6-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]undo shutdown
[R6-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
Dec 21 2023 09:48:22-08:00 R6 %%01IFPDT/4/IF_STATE(l)[3]:Interface GigabitEthern
et0/0/0 has turned into UP state.
[R6-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]
Dec 21 2023 09:48:22-08:00 R6 %%01IFNET/4/LINK_STATE(l)[4]:The line protocol IP 
on the interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0 has entered the UP state. 
[R6-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]

缺省路由

去往任意网段的路由.

ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0 下一跳地址
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